Can Therapy Be Harmful? The Sober Truth (And Warning Signs) (2024)

Therapy is more popular than ever. Public figures talk about their experiences in therapy on podcasts and recommend it to everyone. Friends and family who wouldn’t have dared to confess it even a decade ago now casually mention that they’re in therapy like it’s no big deal.

As a growing number of people identify therapy as an essential part of their self-care toolkit, it can start to seem like everyone should be in therapy and that you should sign up with the first therapist you can find. But like most things in life, it’s a little more complicated than that.

Yes, most people can benefit from the right kind of therapy at the right time in their lives. Yes, it’s more likely that therapy will do good than harm. But the dark secret in the mental health world is that therapy can cause harm.

People who’ve been to a bad therapist can tell you: bad therapy is worse than no therapy at all.

A bad therapist can shut down your healing process instead of helping it along. Bad therapy can even be destructive, re-traumatizing you or causing new psychological harm.

The bad news is that something as well-intentioned as going to therapy can backfire. The good news is that you can learn how to recognize when something isn’t right.

Read on to learn how to spot the warning signs and walk away from a therapist who isn’t helping you.

On This Page

• What Harm Can an Unethical Therapist Cause?
• What Harm Can a Bad Therapist Cause?
How Can I Tell When I've Got a Bad Therapist?
What Happens If I Choose the Wrong Therapist?
How Can I Avoid Ending Up With a Bad Therapist?
What If I Get Therapy When I Don't Really Need It?
Conclusion

The worst thing a therapist can do is take advantage of a client for personal gain.

Even though most therapists are drawn to the field because they are caring people who want to help those who are hurting, therapy is no safer from the worst human motives than any other profession.

Therapists are in a position of power over their clients. This is why there are so many rules therapists must follow, including rules against having social and sexual relationships with the people they treat.

Unfortunately, that power imbalance sometimes attracts the wrong people to the field. While most therapists respect these rules, there are a few who actively seek to take advantage of their clients.

Keep in mind that there are some gray areas when it comes to navigating the delicate and subtle boundaries of the therapeutic relationship.

For example, you don’t necessarily have an unethical therapist if they forget you told them you don’t like to shake hands or if one day they offer a more spirited critique of your partner than usual. Even good therapists have bad days.

And good therapists can also be misunderstood. Most modern therapists offer feedback and suggestions that can be misinterpreted as commands or directives, so be careful not to jump to the conclusion your therapist is trying to control you. It’s a good idea to talk to them about your concerns and seek a second opinion if you’re not satisfied by their answer.

Ultimately, it’s important to trust your intuition. Most therapists are good people with good intentions, but not all of them are. If things don’t seem right, don’t assume you’re wrong.

One way to avoid predators in any field is to tell your loved ones what’s going on. It’s a major red flag when anyone, especially a therapist, tells you to keep something that they did a secret.

And there are no gray areas if your therapist is trying to get you to have a sexual relationship with them. Not only should you never go back to a therapist who pursues sexual contact, but you should also consider reporting them to the board that licenses them.

It’s not unethical for a therapist to find a client attractive, but to act on that attraction means they’ve forgotten or cast aside their most important professional duties to honor their clients’ needs and not abuse their power.

It’s important to feel comfortable with your therapist. If a therapist makes you uncomfortable, it may not be because they’re unethical, but it’s probably still not worth it to keep seeing them if the feeling doesn’t go away after a few sessions.

Even if the only issue is that they’re a bad match, you’re not going to get much out of seeing someone you can’t trust.

Most “bad therapists” aren’t bad people. They’re just not as good as they need to be at their jobs to not do harm.

Being a therapist might seem simple and natural, but to do it well, therapists have to do many things that don’t come naturally. For one, they have to leave all of their own baggage outside of the therapy room. This means they need to refrain from judging their clients according to their own personal beliefs, giving too much direct advice, and chatting too much about themselves.

To do their jobs well, therapists have to figure out how to guide you toward your own innate wisdom. When a therapist has the patience to let you realize things for yourself, it allows your insights to have a deep and lasting healing effect.

It’s so easy to get any part of this process wrong.

The most important skill a therapist can have is empathy. Without it, a therapist won't be able to understand or connect to you enough to help you.

To be good at what they do, therapists must avoid sitting in judgment of any of their clients. Instead, they need to be able to put themselves in your position and understand how it feels to be where you are—and how hard it can be to change.

Many therapists are drawn to the field because they’re naturally empathetic and are able to pick up on other people’s feelings from subtle, intuitive cues. A therapist can never have a perfect understanding of your experience, but a good therapist can do more than theorize about how something might have affected you.

Some therapists who weren’t particularly sensitive when they were younger can learn how to hone their empathy, but some never quite develop their empathy enough to respond to clients in an effective way.

Failures of empathy are triggering and can be re-traumatizing when repeated, especially when they come from someone you trust.

A therapist who can't attune to you empathetically is less likely to be able to help you heal.

Another kind of bad therapist can waste your time with interventions that have no effect by using you as a guinea pig to test their pet theories. While there are some predators who intentionally experiment on or manipulate others without regard for their feelings, most bad therapists who do this do it because they don’t know better. They overestimate their own insights and truly believe they are helping you.

A bad therapist might make you feel like your sessions are more about them than you. They might make you feel judged or like your time doesn’t matter. They might spend too much time preaching or giving advice. They might be well-meaning but ineffective.

You might walk away feeling like you’ve wasted your time, because you feel about the same as when you started, or you might deeply regret going because you feel even worse. Spending too long with a bad therapist can cause you to lose faith in therapy and to lose hope that you can be helped.

Don’t let this happen to you. The best thing you can do when you feel stuck with a bad therapist who isn’t helping you is to move on to another therapist before you give up on therapy itself.

Sometimes sudden bad feelings are part of the therapeutic process. They can even be a sign that therapy is working.

An important element of therapy is transference, when your reactions to your therapist have more to do with the way they remind you of other people than with them. A classic example is when you react to a therapist as if they were your mother or father. When this starts happening, it can actually be a sign that therapy is starting to work.

The important thing is to trust your instincts and to talk to other people about your experience. People who’ve had good or bad experiences in therapy can help you understand how the process works, but be careful—other people have their own filters, prejudices, and blind spots. At the end of the day, if therapy has been making you feel worse for a long time and you don’t feel like you’re healing, it may be time to walk away and look for a new therapist.

Sometimes therapy goes wrong even if you’re seeing a therapist who’s helped other clients. This can happen when a therapist isn’t a good match for you or when the style or method a therapist uses isn’t what you need.

The good news is that good therapists know how to recognize when they’re not a good match for you. When they see that you need a therapist with expertise or training that they don’t have, they will try to help you find someone who’s a better fit.

So, if you feel like it’s not working out with a therapist, tell them. You’ll learn a lot from their response. Good therapists will either adjust their approach so they can meet your needs or help you find another therapist. The bad ones will likely have a bad reaction and confirm what you already suspected about them.

Sometimes there are personal reasons certain therapists and clients don’t work well together. Just like you can project, your therapist can project, too. And when a therapist isn’t aware of or hasn’t dealt with their own issues, they can inadvertently harm you.

For example, if they have unprocessed pain or trauma related to a family member who had an addiction, they may project that experience into the therapy room and judge or react harshly when you or other clients talk about issues or experiences related to substance use.

When this happens, it’s a sign a therapist has personal work to do. And it’s probably not worth sticking around until they do it.

Subtler problems can arise when a therapist is trained in a technique that isn’t right for your needs. For example, while cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is generally an effective therapeutic technique, it’s not effective for everyone or in all situations. While CBT can often control symptoms, it can’t always heal the deeper wounds underneath the symptoms.

For another example, if you have a history of trauma and your therapist isn’t trained in a trauma-informed approach, your work with them might be ineffective. Many people labor unsuccessfully in therapy for years until they finally try a technique like eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) that starts to unlock their trauma.

Keep in mind, though, that the reverse is true as well—if you don’t have unprocessed trauma, techniques like EMDR might not help as much as other techniques more suited to your needs.

There’s no foolproof way to avoid bad therapists. The ones who mean to be bad take pains to hide it, and the ones who don’t mean to be bad can go a long way on the benefit of the doubt their clients give them.

That said, there are steps you can take that will reduce your chances of ending up with a bad therapist (or one who’s bad for you).

Finding a therapist who’s the right match is a lot like dating. You can learn a lot from a person’s online profile but you don’t get the full picture until you meet someone in person.

So, don’t feel discouraged if you don’t get it right the first time, or if you think you’ve found the right therapist, but it doesn’t work out. You might have to see a few different therapists before you find one who’s the right match.

Fortunately, it’s rare to have to see a dozen therapists before you find the right one. That’s because therapists have to meet a lot of qualifications just to be able to legally practice therapy. The licensing process makes it harder (though not impossible) for bad therapists to stay in business.

In fact, not only do therapists have to prove themselves with years of work and study before they can even get a license, they can lose their licenses if they don’t follow the rules.

Clients who’ve had bad experiences can file a complaint with the therapist’s licensing board. If the complaint is serious enough, and the board’s investigation shows that it’s valid, the therapist can permanently lose their license.

So, if you take the time to check a therapist’s license to make sure they haven’t been in trouble, review profiles to look for therapists with the right style and method, and accept that you might have to meet with a few before you find the right one, you’re much less likely to end up stuck with a bad therapist.

Perhaps the most confusing issue of all is figuring out whether you actually need therapy. While therapy can help you deal with anything from a relationship problem to severe depression, it’s not a cure-all.

Of course, therapy can help with personal growth even if you don’t have a mental health condition or problems at work or home. The issue isn’t so much that you might get therapy you don’t urgently need, but that you might invest in therapy when you might be better served by investing in something else.

The biggest risk of getting therapy when you don't need it is blaming and trying to "fix" yourself for an issue that isn't really yours.

There’s a quote people often misattribute to Freud: “Before you diagnose yourself with depression or low self-esteem, first make sure that you are not, in fact, surrounded by assholes.”

Even though Freud didn’t say it, it’s still a good point. If someone is mistreating you at home or at work, therapy won’t fix the problem. At best, it will help you cope in the short-term. At worst, it can put you in danger if it keeps you from walking away from the relationship or situation that’s harming you.

Of course, good therapy can empower you to recognize and walk away from abuse. But if you leave out—or your therapist misses—key details that reveal what’s making you feel the way you do, you can end up focusing your sessions on “fixing yourself” and falsely affirming the perspective of your abuser that something is wrong with you.

The danger with any effective therapy technique is that having tools that can help you endure difficulty can make it easier to stay in a toxic situation that will keep harming you as long as you keep enduring it.

Depression and anxiety are not always triggered by brain chemistry, past trauma, or personal hurts. Sometimes they’re a natural reaction to external circ*mstances. For example, we live in anxious times when a lot is going wrong with the world, and therapy isn’t going to do as much for your anxiety about social and political issues as taking action to make a difference.

Of course, this doesn’t mean you shouldn’t take care of yourself if you’re having to endure stressful circ*mstances that are out of your control. Therapy can help. It just means sometimes your pain is pointing you to something outside of yourself that you need to fix before you can truly start to feel better.

Bad therapy is worse than no therapy at all.

But don’t let that stop you from seeking the good therapy that can help you.

If you know what to look for, including what’s more likely to make you and a therapist a good match and what’s a red flag that a therapist is unethical, you’re much less likely to end up with a bad therapist (or a therapist who’s a bad match for you).

So, give it a shot. Use the articles and tools on OpenCounseling to learn more about how therapy works, how to spot and avoid bad therapists, and how to find the right therapist.

The most important thing is to trust yourself and be willing to walk away if things don’t go well.

Finding the right therapist is a little like dating. You can read through someone’s profile as carefully as you like, but you can’t be sure it’s the right match until you meet them in person.

It’s okay to tell a therapist it’s not working and that you want to keep looking. It’s not your job not to hurt a therapist’s feelings. A good therapist will understand and respect your efforts to find the right match, and a bad therapist isn’t worth your time!

If it takes a few tries to get it right, it’s okay. It doesn’t mean you’ve failed or that therapy doesn’t work. It just means you need to try again, using what you learned the first time to hone in on a better match. So, keep looking—the right therapist could be just a call or click away.

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